Margarine: yog akis mussiv rau kis, ci, thiab ua noj.Nws yog Ameslikas tsim raws li ib tug hloov raubutterXyoo 1869 hauv Fab Kis los ntawm Hippolyte Mège-Mouriès.Margarineyog tsim los ntawm hydrogenated los yog refined cog roj thiab dej.
Thaumbutteryog tsim los ntawm rog los ntawm mis nyuj,margarineyog tsim los ntawm cov roj cog thiab tej zaum kuj muaj mis nyuj.Hauv qee lub zos nws yog hu ua "oleo", luv luv rau oleomargarine.
Margarine, zoo libutter, muaj cov dej-hauv-rog emulsion, nrog cov me me ntawm cov dej dispersed uniformly thoob plaws ib theem roj uas yog nyob rau hauv ib tug ruaj khov crystalline daim ntawv.Margarine muaj cov roj tsawg kawg nkaus ntawm 80%, zoo ib yam li butter, tab sis tsis zoo li butter txo cov rog ntau yam ntawm margarine kuj tuaj yeem sau npe ua margarine.Margarine tuaj yeem siv ob qho tib si rau kev sib kis thiab rau ci thiab ua noj.Nws kuj tseem siv tau los ua cov khoom xyaw hauv lwm cov khoom noj, xws li ncuav pastries thiab ncuav qab zib, rau nws ntau yam kev ua haujlwm.
Txoj kev yooj yim ntawmua margarineniaj hnub no muaj emulsifying ib tug blend ntawm hydrogenated zaub roj nrog skimmed mis nyuj, chilling cov sib tov kom solidify nws thiab ua hauj lwm nws los txhim kho cov kev ntxhib los mos.Zaub thiab tsiaj rog yog cov sib xyaw ua ke nrog cov ntsiab lus sib txawv.Cov rog uas ua kua hauv chav sov feem ntau hu ua roj.Cov ntsiab lus melting muaj feem xyuam rau qhov muaj cov pa roj carbon-carbon ob daim ntawv cog lus nyob rau hauv cov khoom siv fatty acids.Ntau dua ntawm ob daim ntawv cog lus muab cov ntsiab lus qis dua.
Ib nrab hydrogenation ntawm cov nroj tsuag cov roj rau ib feem ntawm margarine.Feem ntau ntawm C = C ob daim ntawv cog lus raug tshem tawm hauv cov txheej txheem no, uas ua rau lub siab melting ntawm cov khoom.
Feem ntau, cov roj ntuj yog hydrogenated los ntawm kev dhau hydrogen los ntawm cov roj nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm ib tug nickel catalyst, nyob rau hauv kev tswj tej yam kev mob.Qhov sib ntxiv ntawm hydrogen rau unsaturated bonds (alkenes ob C = C daim ntawv cog lus) ua rau saturated CC bonds, zoo ua rau lub melting point ntawm cov roj thiab yog li "hardening" nws.Qhov no yog vim qhov nce ntawm van der Waals 'rog ntawm cov molecules saturated piv nrog cov unsaturated molecules.Txawm li cas los xij, raws li muaj txiaj ntsig kev noj qab haus huv hauv kev txwv cov roj saturated fatty acids nyob rau hauv tib neeg noj cov zaub mov, cov txheej txheem yog tswj kom tsuas yog txaus ntawm daim ntawv cog lus hydrogenated los muab cov kev xav tau kev ntxhib los mos.
Margarines ua nyob rau hauv txoj kev no tau hais tias muaj roj hydrogenated.Txoj kev no yog siv niaj hnub no rau qee cov margarines txawm tias cov txheej txheem tau tsim thiab qee zaum lwm cov hlau catalysts siv xws li palladium.Yog tias hydrogenation tsis tiav (ib nrab hardening), qhov kub thiab txias uas siv hauv cov txheej txheem hydrogenation zoo li tig qee cov pa roj carbon-carbon ob daim ntawv cog lus rau hauv daim ntawv "trans".Yog tias cov ntawv cog lus tshwj xeeb no tsis yog hydrogenated thaum lub sijhawm txheej txheem, lawv tseem yuav muaj nyob rau hauv qhov kawg margarine hauv cov molecules ntawm trans fats, kev noj uas tau pom tias yog ib qho kev pheej hmoo rau kab mob plawv.Vim li no, cov rog ib nrab yog siv tsawg thiab tsawg dua hauv kev lag luam margarine.Qee cov roj kub kub, xws li cov roj xibtes thiab cov txiv maj phaub roj, yog cov khoom ib txwm muaj thiab tsis tas yuav muaj hydrogenation.
Niaj hnub nimno margarine tuaj yeem tsim los ntawm ntau hom tsiaj lossis zaub rog, sib xyaw nrog skim mis, ntsev, thiab emulsifiers.Margarine thiab zaub rojkis taupom nyob rau hauv kev ua lag luam muaj peev xwm ntawm 10 mus rau 90% rog.Nyob ntawm nws cov ntsiab lus roj zaum kawg thiab nws lub hom phiaj (kev sib kis, ua noj lossis ci), qib dej thiab cov roj zaub siv yuav txawv me ntsis.Cov roj yog nias los ntawm cov noob thiab ua kom zoo.Tom qab ntawd nws yog tov nrog cov rog rog.Yog tias tsis muaj cov rog rog ntxiv rau cov roj zaub, tom kawg tau dhau los ua cov txheej txheem hydrogenation tag nrho los yog ib nrab los ua kom lawv ruaj khov.
Lub resulting sib tov yog tov nrog dej, citric acid, carotenoids, vitamins thiab mis nyuj hmoov.Emulsifiers xws li lecithin pab cuam tshuam cov dej theem sib npaug thoob plaws hauv cov roj, thiab cov ntsev thiab cov tshuaj tua kab mob kuj feem ntau ntxiv.Cov roj thiab dej emulsion no ces rhuab, sib tov, thiab txias.Lub softer tub margarines yog tsim nrog tsawg hydrogenated, ntau kua, roj tshaj block margarine.
Peb hom margarine muaj ntau:
Mos zaub rogkis tau, siab nyob rau hauv mono- los yog polyunsaturated fats, uas yog tsim los ntawm safflower, sunflower, soybean, cottonseed, rapeseed, los yog txiv roj roj.
Margarine hauv lub raj mis ua noj los yog cov tais diav saum toj kawg nkaus
Nyuaj, feem ntau uncolored margarine rau ua noj los yog ci.
Sib tov nrog butter.
Ntau lub rooj nthuav dav muag niaj hnub no yog kev sib xyaw ntawm margarine thiab butter lossis lwm yam khoom siv mis nyuj.Kev sib xyaw, uas yog siv los txhim kho cov saj ntawm margarine, tau ntev ntev tsis raug cai hauv cov tebchaws xws li Tebchaws Meskas thiab Australia.Raws li European Union cov lus qhia, cov khoom lag luam margarine tsis tuaj yeem hu ua "butter", txawm tias feem ntau nws muaj cov roj butter.Hauv qee lub tebchaws nyob sab Europe butter-raws li cov lus sib kis thiab cov khoom lag luam margarine tau ua lag luam raws li "butter mixtures".
Butter mixs tam sim no ua ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm lub rooj sib kis lag luam.Lub hom phiaj "Kuv Tsis Ntseeg Nws Tsis yog Butter!"spawned ntau yam ntawm cov npe zoo sib xws uas tam sim no tuaj yeem pom ntawm lub khw muag khoom thoob plaws ntiaj teb, nrog cov npe xws li "Beautifully Butterfully", "Butterlicious", "Utterly Butterly", thiab "Koj Xav Tau Npauj Npaim Ntseeg Nws".Cov butter sib tov no zam cov kev txwv ntawm kev sau npe, nrog rau cov txheej txheem kev lag luam uas cuam tshuam qhov zoo sib xws rau cov butter tiag.Cov npe lag luam zoo li no nthuav tawm cov khoom lag luam rau cov neeg siv khoom sib txawv ntawm cov khoom lag luam xav tau uas hu ua margarine "ib nrab hydrogenated zaub roj".
Post lub sij hawm: Jun-04-2021